Power System

Primary Power Source:

• Solar Panel Type: Monocrystalline Silicon

• Maximum Power Output: 6W

• Voltage at Maximum Power (Vmp): 5V

• Current at Maximum Power (Imp): 1.2A

• Open Circuit Voltage (Voc): 6V

• Short Circuit Current (Isc): 1.3A

• Efficiency: 18-20%

• Operating Temperature Range: -40°C to 85°C

• Encapsulation: PET lamination with UV resistance and IP67 waterproofing

• Durability: Saltwater and UV resistant

Battery System:

• Type: Lithium Polymer (LiPo) Battery Pack (2 x 15,000 mAh)

• Configuration: Parallel connection, 30,000 mAh at 3.7V

• Energy Capacity: 111 Wh

• Charging Voltage: 4.2V per cell

• Cycle Life: 500-1000 cycles

• Discharge Cutoff Voltage: 3.0V per cell

• Safety Features: Integrated BMS with overcharge, overdischarge, and short-circuit protection

• Operating Temperature Range: -20°C to 60°C

Charging Controller:

• Type: MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking)

• Input Voltage Range: 3.5 to 12V

• Conversion Efficiency: 90-95%

• Temperature Compensation: Integrated

Microcontroller and Communication
Microcontroller:
Model: Arduino Uno R3
Operating Voltage: 5V, I/O Voltage Levels: 5V (digital), 0-5V (analog)
Processor: ATmega328P, 16 MHz clock
Memory: 32 KB Flash, 2 KB SRAM, 1 KB EEPROM
I/O:
- Digital: 14 pins, 6 with PWM capability
- Analog: 6 pins, 10-bit ADC resolution
- Power Consumption: 50 mW in low power mode, 500 mW during active operation

Communication Module:
Type: LoRa (SparkFun WRL-15706)
Frequency Range: 868/915 MHz, adjustable bandwidth
Sensitivity: -137 dBm (SF12, 125 kHz BW)
Transmission Power: Configurable up to 100 mW
Range: Up to 15 km
Data Rate: Configurable, up to 37.5 kbps
Consumption: 150 mW per transmission; idle < 2 mW

Sensor Suite
pH Sensor:
Model: Atlas Scientific EZO-pH Circuit with Laboratory Grade Probe
Range: 0-14 pH, ±0.02 accuracy
Operating Temperature Range: 0 to 50°C
Output: I2C and UART, 5V-compatible
Response Time: < 3 seconds with ATC
Conductivity Sensor:
Model: Atlas Scientific EZO-EC Circuit and K 1.0 Probe
Range: 0.07 μS/cm to 500,000 μS/cm
Temperature Compensation: 0 to 50°C
Supported Measurements:

- Salinity: 0-42 PSU, ±0.1 PSU
- Total Dissolved Solids: 0-100,000 ppm, ±1% accuracy
- Specific Gravity: 0.9900 to 1.4000, ±0.001 SG
Dissolved Oxygen Sensor:
Model: Atlas Scientific EZO-DO Circuit with Galvanic DO Probe
Range: 0-100 mg/L, ±0.05 mg/L accuracy
Operating Temperature: 0 to 50°C with ATC
Response Time: < 30 seconds
Temperature Probe:
Model: Atlas Scientific EZO-RTD Circuit with PT-100 Probe
Range: -55°C to 125°C, ±0.1°C accuracy
Material: Stainless steel, IP68-rated
Air Temperature, Humidity, and Pressure Sensor:
Model: Grove Temperature & Humidity Pro (SEN-HMD-AT)
Temperature Range: -40°C to 80°C, ±0.3°C accuracy
Humidity Range: 0-100% RH, ±3% accuracy
Pressure Range: 300-1100 hPa, ±1 hPa
6-Axis Accelerometer & Gyroscope:
Model: Seeed Studio Grove 6-Axis IMU (MPU-6050)
Acceleration Range: ±2, ±4, ±8, ±16 g
Gyroscope Range: ±250, ±500, ±1000, ±2000 °/s
Supported Measurements:
Wave Height: Vertical acceleration estimates wave crest/trough
Wave Period: Time intervals between peaks/troughs
Wave Direction: Analyzes multi-axis movement

Tilt and Orientation: Provides pitch, roll, yaw
Water Leak Sensor:
Model: Grove Water Sensor
Detection: Conductive water with threshold detection
Output: Analog, 0-5V
 

Mechanical and Environmental Specifications
Buoyant Housing:
Material: Polyurethane, UV and corrosion-resistant, anti-biofouling
Dimensions: Diameter 18", Height 12"
Weight: 10 lbs
Depth Rating: Watertight to 50 meters, IP68-rated
Wind Load Capacity: Withstands wind speeds up to 60 mph
Protective Sensor Housings:
Material: 1/2" x 3" Perforated Copper Anti-fouling and physical protection
Central Electronics Housing:
Material: PVC, marine-grade, watertight
Dimensions: 6" x 14", round
Sealing: Glans penetrations with marine-grade sealant

 

Storage Module:
Type: Micro SD Card Adapter, SDHC up to 32 GB
Protocol: SPI (3.3V and 5V logic compatible)
Real-Time Clock (RTC):
Model: DS3231, integrated temperature-compensated crystal oscillator
Accuracy: ±2 ppm from 0°C to +40°C
Battery Backup: CR2032, 3V

Power Consumption:
Low Power Mode: 0.86 Wh (idle for 22.5 hrs/day)
Active Measurement Mode: 2.16 Wh (sensors active for 2 hrs/day)
LoRa Transmission: 0.012 Wh (once every 5 hrs)
Total Daily Power Consumption: 3.03 Wh
Solar Power Intake:
Average Daily Generation: 9 Wh
Net Energy Surplus: 5.97 Wh/day
Operational Longevity: Indefinite under average sunlight, with continuous operation.